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            "value": "Related reading",
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            "value": "Meyer et al., J Pharm Sci 2007: Antimicrobial preservative use in parenteral products: past and present - pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov",
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            "q": "What is bacteriostatic water?",
            "a": "Sterile water with benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative, supplied in a multiple-dose vial. The Hospira label lists 0.9% (9 mg/mL) or 1.1% (11 mg/mL) benzyl alcohol."
        },
        {
            "q": "What is the difference between bacteriostatic water and sterile water?",
            "a": "The Hospira bacteriostatic label lists benzyl alcohol and a multiple-dose vial. The Cardinal Health sterile water label lists no bacteriostat or antimicrobial agent and single-dose containers only."
        },
        {
            "q": "Why does bacteriostatic water contain benzyl alcohol?",
            "a": "Benzyl alcohol is added as a bacteriostatic preservative so a multiple-dose vial can be entered repeatedly. A 2007 review found phenol and benzyl alcohol are the most common preservatives in peptide and protein products."
        },
        {
            "q": "Is sterile water for injection meant for multiple-dose use?",
            "a": "The Cardinal Health label says its sterile water contains no bacteriostat or antimicrobial agent and is supplied only in single-dose containers, so it is not a multiple-dose product."
        },
        {
            "q": "Can preservatives like benzyl alcohol affect protein stability in solution?",
            "a": "A 2017 study of one IgG1 antibody tested four preservatives, including benzyl alcohol, and noted that such preservatives have been shown to decrease protein stability and cause aggregation. It covers one antibody only."
        },
        {
            "q": "What does a bacteriostatic water vial label tell you?",
            "a": "The Hospira label lists the preservative and its level (benzyl alcohol, 0.9% or 1.1%), the multiple-dose container class, and the pH of 5.7 (4.5 to 7.0). Read it before deciding how to handle the vial."
        },
        {
            "q": "How should I mark an opened bacteriostatic water vial?",
            "a": "Write the date of first entry on the vial where the cap will not cover it. An open-date label removes guesswork about how long the vial has been in use."
        },
        {
            "q": "Should I buy 30 ml or 3 ml bacteriostatic water?",
            "a": "A 30 ml vial holds ten times the volume of a 3 ml vial. Choose the size you can finish before the open vial sits too long, and keep the sizes stored apart."
        }
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                        "text": "Sterile water with benzyl alcohol added as a bacteriostatic preservative, supplied in a multiple-dose vial. The Hospira label lists 0.9% (9 mg/mL) or 1.1% (11 mg/mL) benzyl alcohol."
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    "dates": {
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