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    "tldr": "A peptide CoA's two key values are HPLC purity (target peak area / all peaks x 100) and mass spec identity (observed m/z vs theoretical mass). How to read them.",
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            "value": "What the HPLC Purity Number Actually Tells You",
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            "value": "What a Complete CoA Should Always Include",
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            "q": "What does the HPLC purity percentage on a peptide certificate of analysis actually measure?",
            "a": "It is the target compound's UV peak area divided by the total area of all peaks, multiplied by 100. It quantifies relative purity of light-absorbing material but cannot confirm the main peak is the correct molecule."
        },
        {
            "q": "How do I verify the mass spec data on a peptide CoA?",
            "a": "Multiply each observed m/z by its charge state, then subtract ~1.008 Da per proton added. The resulting neutral mass should fall within ~0.5 Da of the theoretical molecular weight listed on the CoA."
        },
        {
            "q": "What HPLC purity level is considered acceptable for peptide research?",
            "a": "≥95% is the general minimum for most bench work; ≥98% is preferred for low-concentration experiments where trace impurities represent a proportionally larger fraction of the added material."
        }
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