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SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes
Machine-readable facts for this Lab article. The full page is https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31.
TL;DR
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller family, studied for binding cardiolipin in mitochondria. Reference and handling notes.
Facts Index
| Fact ID | Category | Entity | Attribute | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ss-31:title | identity | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | title | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:published | identity | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | published | 2026-07-10 | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:author | identity | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | author | Preppin' Peppers Editorial Team | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:topics | identity | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | topics | Investigational, research | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:summary | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | summary | SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Szeto-Schiller family, studied for binding cardiolipin in mitochondria. Reference and handling notes. | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-1 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | What it is | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-2 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | SS-31 (Elamipretide) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-3 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | What it is | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-4 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Research context and categorization | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-5 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Status | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-6 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Reconstitution notes (general) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-7 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Dilution and handling notes (compound-specific) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-8 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Handling and storage | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-9 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Related reading | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-10 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | Tools and supplies | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:section-12 | content | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | section | What the research community gets wrong about SS-31 (elamipretide) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:product-gansulin-metal-peptide-pen | products | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | references product | Gansulin Pen · Reusable Click-Dial, 3 ml (1-60 Units) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:product-gansulin-3ml-cartridge | products | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | references product | Gansulin-Compatible 3 ml Glass Cartridge for Pens (10-Pack) | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-pubchem-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | NCBI PubChem CID 11764719: Elamipretide (C32H49N9O5) - pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-dailymed-nlm-nih-gov | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | FDA/DailyMed: FORZINITY (elamipretide hydrochloride) prescribing information - dailymed.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-pubmed-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | Tung et al., Int J Mol Sci 2025: Elamipretide: A Review of Its Structure, Mechanism of Action, and Therapeutic Potential - pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-pmc-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | Sabbah, Heart Fail Rev 2021: Barth syndrome cardiomyopathy: targeting the mitochondria with elamipretide - pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-pmc-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov-2 | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | Zhao et al., J Neuroinflammation 2019: Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice - pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
| ss-31:source-dailymed-nlm-nih-gov-2 | source | SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes | cites | Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP: FDA label on DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine (0.9% benzyl alcohol) - dailymed.nlm.nih.gov | Lab article (https://www.preppinpeppers.com/blogs/the-lab/ss-31) (evidence) |
FAQ
- What does SS-31 elamipretide bind to inside the mitochondria?
- SS-31 binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Researchers study how this interaction affects cristae morphology, electron transport chain dynamics, oxidative stress, and ATP synthesis — all without entering the nucleus.
- What is SS-31's intended use classification?
- Partially. Regulators granted accelerated authorization for elamipretide HCl (FORZINITY) on September 19, 2025, specifically for Barth syndrome in adult and pediatric patients weighing ≥30 kg. It has not received authorization for any other use, and every other application remains investigational.
- What class of molecule is SS-31 and what makes it mitochondria-targeted?
- SS-31 is a Szeto-Schiller tetrapeptide (four amino acids). Its alternating aromatic and basic residues give it cell-penetrating properties, allowing passive accumulation at the inner mitochondrial membrane where cardiolipin is concentrated.