The Lab

What Is Reconstitution?

A plain-language reference explaining reconstitution, the concentration formula, common diluents, and storage considerations for freeze-dried research materials. Read more...
What Does Lyophilized Mean?

A plain-language reference explaining lyophilization (freeze-drying), why research materials are supplied as a dry cake, and what happens chemically when that cake is reconstituted. Read more...
What Is a Peptide?

A plain-language reference explaining what a peptide is, how peptide bonds link amino acids, and how peptides are distinguished from proteins by chain length. Read more...
VK2735: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

VK2735 is an investigational dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist peptide grouped in the metabolic and weight-regulation research category, and it is not FDA-approved for any indication. Read more...
VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide of the secretin/glucagon peptide family, discussed mainly in immune and gastrointestinal research contexts, and it is not FDA-approved as a finished drug. Read more...
Vesugen: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Vesugen is a short synthetic peptide bioregulator (the tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with vascular and anti-aging research compounds, and it is supplied for laboratory research only and is not FDA-approved. Read more...
U-100 vs U-40 Syringes: What the Numbers Mean

A reference explainer covering what the U-100 and U-40 scales mean, the units-per-milliliter behind each, and why reading the wrong scale produces measuring errors. Read more...
Tirzepatide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Tirzepatide is a synthetic dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is FDA-approved for specific indications. Read more...
Thymosin Alpha-1: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide grouped in the immune category, approved as a pharmaceutical in a number of countries but not FDA-approved in the United States. Read more...
Thymalin: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Thymalin is a thymus-derived polypeptide bioregulator, grouped with immune peptides, that is not FDA-approved and is handled as a research-only compound in the United States. Read more...
Testagen: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Testagen is a synthetic short-chain peptide (a Khavinson-type tetrapeptide bioregulator) grouped with reproductive and endocrine research compounds, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved. Read more...
Research peptide vial and U-100 syringe
Tesamorelin: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Tesamorelin is a stabilized synthetic analog of growth-hormone-releasing factor (a growth-hormone secretagogue) studied in the context of metabolic and visceral-fat research, and it is FDA-approved for a specific HIV-associated indication. Read more...
Teriparatide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Teriparatide is a recombinant parathyroid hormone fragment (PTH 1-34) in the osteoanabolic bone-formation class, and it is FDA-approved for a specific osteoporosis indication. Read more...
TB-500: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

TB-500 is a synthetic acetylated heptapeptide fragment of thymosin beta-4, grouped with healing and tissue-repair research peptides, and is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
Survodutide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Survodutide is an investigational glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist peptide studied in the metabolic and weight-regulation category, and it is not FDA approved. Read more...
Sterile Technique for Handling Vials

A plain-language reference on aseptic handling of laboratory vials, covering clean work surfaces, wiping stoppers with alcohol, single-use swabs, and avoiding contact with the stopper or needle. Read more...
SS-31 (Elamipretide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide grouped with cellular energy and mitochondrial-function research compounds, now FDA-approved for one rare indication (Barth syndrome) while remaining investigational for all other uses. Read more...
SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) is a synthetic eight-amino-acid cosmetic peptide of the neuromuscular-modulating class, studied in the skin and cosmetic research category, and it is not an FDA-approved drug. Read more...
SLU-PP-332: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small-molecule pan-ERR (estrogen-related receptor) agonist studied in the metabolic and exercise-physiology research category, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved. Read more...
Signs a Reconstituted Vial Has Gone Bad

A reference guide to the visual and physical cues, such as cloudiness, color change, and particulates, that indicate a reconstituted research vial should be set aside. Read more...
Sharps and Vial Disposal Basics

A plain-language reference on sharps containers, why needles are not recapped, and how used vials and sharps are safely contained and disposed. Read more...
Sermorelin: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Sermorelin is a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) peptide analog studied as a growth-hormone secretagogue, currently research-only with no active FDA-approved commercial product and prohibited in sport under the WADA list. Read more...
Semax: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Semax is a synthetic ACTH(4-10)-derived heptapeptide grouped in the cognitive and neuroprotective research category, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved in the United States. Read more...
Semaglutide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is FDA-approved for specific indications including type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management. Read more...
Selank: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory fragment tuftsin, grouped with cognitive and mood research peptides, and it is not FDA-approved (research-only in the United States, though approved as an anxiolytic in Russia). Read more...
Retatrutide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Retatrutide is a synthetic single-molecule triple agonist peptide (GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors) studied in the metabolic and weight-regulation category, and it is investigational and not FDA-approved. Read more...
Common Reconstitution Mistakes to Avoid

A plain-language reference covering the handling and math errors that most often compromise a reconstituted research vial, from solvent choice to labeling. Read more...
How Long Does a Reconstituted Vial Last?

A reference overview of the general refrigerated shelf-life window for a reconstituted vial, when the clock starts, and the storage factors that affect it. Read more...
PTD-DBM: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

PTD-DBM is a synthetic research peptide in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling modulator family, grouped with healing and tissue-repair research compounds, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved. Read more...
PT-141 (Bremelanotide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist peptide grouped with reproductive and sexual-health compounds, and it holds a narrow FDA approval for one specific indication. Read more...
Prostamax: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Prostamax is a synthetic short-chain peptide bioregulator in the Khavinson family associated with prostate tissue, studied within the anti-aging and tissue-specific research category and supplied as a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
PNC-27: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide combining a p53-derived HDM-2-binding sequence with a membrane-penetrating leader, studied within oncology and cancer-cell-biology research, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved. Read more...
Pinealon: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Pinealon is a synthetic short-chain tripeptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under cognitive and neuroprotective research, and is not FDA-approved and handled as a research-only compound. Read more...
Storage Guide: Fridge, Freezer, and Light

A plain-language reference on how lyophilized and reconstituted research peptides are stored across refrigerator and freezer temperatures, with notes on light exposure and freeze-thaw handling. Read more...
Peptide Research Glossary

A plain-language glossary defining common peptide research terms, including reconstitution, lyophilized, concentration, U-100, bacteriostatic water, aliquot, diluent, and the units mcg, mg, and IU. Read more...
Pemvidutide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Pemvidutide is an investigational, lipidated GLP-1 and glucagon dual receptor agonist peptide studied in the context of metabolic and weight regulation and liver fat, and it is not FDA-approved. Read more...
PEG-MGF: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

PEG-MGF is a pegylated peptide derivative of Mechano Growth Factor (a splice variant of IGF-1) studied as a growth factor in muscle and tissue-repair research, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
PE-22-28: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

PE-22-28 is a short synthetic spadin-derived peptide and TREK-1 potassium channel blocker studied in the neuroscience and mood-research category, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
Pancragen: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Pancragen is a synthetic short-chain peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with metabolic and endocrine research peptides, and is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
P21: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

P21 (P021) is a synthetic CNTF-derived neurogenic peptide studied in cognitive and neurological research contexts, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
Oxytocin: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid peptide hormone that is FDA-approved as a uterotonic for specific obstetric indications, is also studied in the context of social and behavioral neuroscience, and is not specifically listed on the WADA Prohibited List. Read more...
Ovagen: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Ovagen is a synthetic short-chain peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under liver and gastrointestinal tissue bioregulators, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

NAD+ is a naturally occurring pyridine-nucleotide coenzyme grouped with metabolic and anti-aging or longevity research compounds, and its injectable form is research-only and not FDA-approved as a drug. Read more...
N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate is a terminally modified synthetic tetrapeptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with anti-aging and longevity peptides, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-approved. Read more...
MOTS-c: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide grouped with metabolic and mitochondrial-function research compounds, not FDA-approved for any indication and prohibited under the WADA Prohibited List as an AMPK activator. Read more...
MK-677 (Ibutamoren): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is a non-peptide, orally active small molecule in the growth-hormone secretagogue / ghrelin-mimetic class, studied within metabolic and growth-hormone-axis research, and it is not FDA-approved (research-only). Read more...
MGF (Mechano Growth Factor): Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

MGF is a synthetic splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec) in the growth-factor family, studied in the context of muscle repair and satellite-cell activation, and it is a research-only compound not approved by the FDA for any human use. Read more...
Melanotan II: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, grouped with skin and cosmetic research compounds, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved. Read more...
Melanotan I: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Melanotan I (afamelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) agonist peptide grouped with skin, pigment, and photoprotection research compounds, and it is FDA-approved for a specific indication (phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria). Read more...
Mazdutide: Reference Overview and Reconstitution Notes

Mazdutide is a synthetic oxyntomodulin-based dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight regulation, approved in China for obesity but not FDA-approved and treated as investigational elsewhere. Read more...