Peptides A to Z: Reference Library

A research and education reference library: reconstitution, handling, and compound overviews. Each card links to a full reference page. The math is handled by our reconstitution and blend calculators.

Tags: FDA approved for a specific use Invest. in clinical development Research not FDA-approved Banned prohibited in competitive sport (WADA)

Guides & Basics

Research Basics (3)

Common Reconstitution Mistakes to Avoid

A plain-language reference covering the handling and math errors that most often compromise a reconstituted research vial, from solvent choice to labeling.

How Reconstitution Works

What reconstitution is, the simple math behind concentration and draw volume, and the handling steps that keep a solution clean and accurate.

What Is Reconstitution?

A plain-language reference explaining reconstitution, the concentration formula, common diluents, and storage considerations for freeze-dried research materials

Storage & Handling (5)

Cold Chain Basics

An educational reference on moving refrigerated vials while keeping them within a stable cool range and avoiding both heat and accidental freezing.

How Long Does a Reconstituted Vial Last?

A reference overview of the general refrigerated shelf-life window for a reconstituted vial, when the clock starts, and the storage factors that affect it.

Signs a Reconstituted Vial Has Gone Bad

A reference guide to the visual and physical cues, such as cloudiness, color change, and particulates, that indicate a reconstituted research vial should be set

Sterile Technique for Handling Vials

A plain-language reference on aseptic handling of laboratory vials, covering clean work surfaces, wiping stoppers with alcohol, single-use swabs, and avoiding c

Storage Guide

A plain-language reference on how lyophilized and reconstituted research peptides are stored across refrigerator and freezer temperatures, with notes on light e

Equipment & Consumables (3)

Insulin Syringe Sizes and Gauges Explained

A plain-language reference to insulin syringe barrel volumes, needle gauge and length, and what the U-100 marking means.

Sharps and Vial Disposal Basics

A plain-language reference on sharps containers, why needles are not recapped, and how used vials and sharps are safely contained and disposed.

U-100 vs U-40 Syringes

A reference explainer covering what the U-100 and U-40 scales mean, the units-per-milliliter behind each, and why reading the wrong scale produces measuring err

Reference & Definitions (3)

Peptide Research Glossary

A plain-language glossary defining common peptide research terms, including reconstitution, lyophilized, concentration, U-100, bacteriostatic water, aliquot, di

What Does Lyophilized Mean?

A plain-language reference explaining lyophilization (freeze-drying), why research materials are supplied as a dry cake, and what happens chemically when that c

What Is a Peptide?

A plain-language reference explaining what a peptide is, how peptide bonds link amino acids, and how peptides are distinguished from proteins by chain length.

Compounds A to Z

FDA-Approved or Specific-Use (11)

EPOFDABanned

EPO (erythropoietin) is a glycoprotein hormone and erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, grouped as a hematopoietic growth factor, and it is an FDA-approved prescri

GonadorelinFDABanned

Gonadorelin is a synthetic decapeptide identical to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the reproductive/endocrine peptide category; no gonadorelin product

HCGFDABanned

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is a glycoprotein gonadotropin hormone in the reproductive and endocrine research category, FDA-approved for specific reprodu

HMG (Menotropins)FDABanned

HMG (menotropins) is a urine-derived gonadotropin preparation combining FSH and LH activity, grouped in the reproductive and fertility research category, and FD

LiraglutideFDABanned

Liraglutide is an acylated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist in the metabolic and weight-regulation category, and it is FDA-approved for specific

Melanotan IFDABanned

Melanotan I (afamelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) agonist peptide grouped with skin, pigment, and photoprotection research compounds, an

OxytocinFDABanned

Oxytocin is a nine-amino-acid peptide hormone that is FDA-approved as a uterotonic for specific obstetric indications, is also studied in the context of social

SemaglutideFDABanned

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is FDA-approved for specific indications includin

TeriparatideFDABanned

Teriparatide is a recombinant parathyroid hormone fragment (PTH 1-34) in the osteoanabolic bone-formation class, and it is FDA-approved for a specific osteoporo

TesamorelinFDABanned

Tesamorelin is a stabilized synthetic analog of growth-hormone-releasing factor (a growth-hormone secretagogue) studied in the context of metabolic and visceral

TirzepatideFDABanned

Tirzepatide is a synthetic dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is FDA-approved for specif

Investigational Compounds (11)

ACE-031Invest.Banned

ACE-031 (ramatercept) is an investigational activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) Fc-fusion protein studied in the context of muscle mass regulation, and it is re

AmycretinInvest.Banned

Amycretin is a unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor agonist studied in the context of metabolic and weight regulation, and it is investigational and not FDA-a

ARA-290Invest.Banned

ARA-290 (cibinetide) is an 11-amino-acid erythropoietin-derived peptide studied in the context of tissue repair and inflammation, and it is not FDA-approved for

CagrilintideInvest.Banned

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analog peptide grouped under metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is investigational and not FDA-approved for a

EcnoglutideInvest.Banned

Ecnoglutide is an investigational cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight regulation research, and it is not FDA-approved

MazdutideInvest.Banned

Mazdutide is a synthetic oxyntomodulin-based dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist peptide grouped under metabolic and weight regulation, approved in China for o

PemvidutideInvest.Banned

Pemvidutide is an investigational, lipidated GLP-1 and glucagon dual receptor agonist peptide studied in the context of metabolic and weight regulation and live

RetatrutideInvest.Banned

Retatrutide is a synthetic single-molecule triple agonist peptide (GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors) studied in the metabolic and weight-regulation category,

SS-31 (Elamipretide)Invest.Banned

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide grouped with cellular energy and mitochondrial-function research compounds, now FDA-approved for o

SurvodutideInvest.Banned

Survodutide is an investigational glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist peptide studied in the metabolic and weight-regulation category, and it is n

VK2735Invest.Banned

VK2735 is an investigational dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist peptide grouped in the metabolic and weight-regulation research category, and it is not FDA-app

Research-Only / Not FDA-Approved (57)

5-Amino-1MQResearchBanned

5-Amino-1MQ is a synthetic small-molecule NNMT inhibitor grouped with metabolic and weight-regulation research compounds, and it is research-only and not FDA-ap

AdamaxResearchBanned

Adamax is a synthetic Semax-derived melanocortin peptide grouped in the cognitive and neuromodulatory research category, and it is a research-only compound that

AOD-9604ResearchBanned

AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of the human growth hormone C-terminus, grouped in metabolic and weight-regulation research, and it is not approved as a drug b

BPC-157ResearchBanned

BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide grouped with healing and tissue-repair research compounds, and it is research-only and not approved by any drug reg

BronchogenResearchBanned

Bronchogen is a synthetic short-peptide (tetrapeptide) bioregulator of the Khavinson family, grouped with the bronchopulmonary tissue bioregulators, that is not

CardiogenResearchBanned

Cardiogen is a short synthetic peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped as a heart or cardiovascular tissue bioregulator, and it is research-only a

CartalaxResearchBanned

Cartalax is a synthetic short-chain peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with cartilage and connective-tissue peptides, and it is a research-on

CerebrolysinResearchBanned

Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived mixture of low-molecular-weight neuropeptides and free amino acids, grouped in the cognitive and neuroprotective researc

ChonlutenResearchBanned

Chonluten is a synthetic short-peptide (tripeptide) Khavinson-type bioregulator studied in respiratory-tissue research contexts and is not FDA-approved, remaini

CJC-1295ResearchBanned

CJC-1295 is a synthetic long-acting analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), grouped as a growth-hormone secretagogue, that is not FDA-approved and is

CortagenResearchBanned

Cortagen is a synthetic brain-cortex tetrapeptide in the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under neural and anti-aging bioregulator research, and it is not

CrystagenResearchBanned

Crystagen is a short synthetic peptide (a Glu-Asp-Pro tripeptide) of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped as an immune bioregulator and offered on a resea

DermorphinResearchBanned

Dermorphin is a naturally occurring opioid heptapeptide from amphibian skin, grouped with analgesic and opioid-receptor research peptides, and it is not FDA-app

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)ResearchBanned

DSIP is a naturally occurring nine-amino-acid neuropeptide grouped with sleep-regulating and neuroendocrine research compounds, and it is research-only and not

EpitalonResearchBanned

Epitalon is a synthetic pineal-derived tetrapeptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under anti-aging and longevity research, and is not FDA-approv

FollistatinResearchBanned

Follistatin is a secreted glycoprotein of the myostatin and TGF-beta binding family, grouped in muscle and metabolic research, and is a research-only compound t

FOXO4-DRIResearchBanned

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide studied in the anti-aging and longevity research category, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved.

GDF-8 (Myostatin)ResearchBanned

GDF-8, also called myostatin, is a TGF-beta superfamily growth factor grouped under metabolic and muscle-regulation research, and it is research-only and not FD

GHK-CuResearchBanned

GHK-Cu is a copper-bound tripeptide (copper-peptide family) grouped in the healing, tissue-repair and skin research category, and it is research-only and not FD

GHRP-2ResearchBanned

GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue studied in the context of growth hormone release, and it is research-only and not FD

GHRP-6ResearchBanned

GHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue studied in preclinical research settings, and it is not FDA-approved and is prohibited in sport un

HexarelinResearchBanned

Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide of the growth hormone secretagogue class (a ghrelin-receptor agonist) that is not FDA-approved for any indication and is pr

HumaninResearchBanned

Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied in longevity, metabolic, and neuroprotection research contexts, and it is not FDA-approved for any indication

IGF-1 LR3ResearchBanned

IGF-1 LR3 is a long-acting synthetic analog of insulin-like growth factor 1, a growth factor studied in cellular and tissue research, and it is a research-only

IGF-DESResearchBanned

IGF-DES is a truncated analog of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the peptide hormones and growth factors family, studied only in preclinical growth-fact

IpamorelinResearchBanned

Ipamorelin is a synthetic pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue (a ghrelin receptor agonist) that is not FDA-approved for any indication and is prohibited in

KisspeptinResearchBanned

Kisspeptin is a KISS1-derived neuropeptide family in the reproductive and neuroendocrine research category, and it is research-only and not FDA-approved.

KPVResearchBanned

KPV is a synthetic melanocortin-derived tripeptide studied mainly in inflammation and immune research, and it is a research-only compound that is not approved b

LivagenResearchBanned

Livagen is a synthetic short-peptide (Khavinson-class) bioregulator, the tetrapeptide Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala, grouped under anti-aging and liver-focused tissue bioregu

LL-37ResearchBanned

LL-37 is a human cathelicidin-family antimicrobial peptide grouped under immune and host-defense research, and it is a research-only compound that is not FDA-ap

MatrixylResearchBanned

Matrixyl is a trade name for palmitoyl signal peptides (matrikines) used as topical cosmetic actives, studied in the skin and anti-aging category, and regulated

Melanotan IIResearchBanned

Melanotan II is a synthetic cyclic peptide analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, grouped with skin and cosmetic research compounds, and it is research

MGF (Mechano Growth Factor)ResearchBanned

MGF is a synthetic splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec) in the growth-factor family, studied in the context of muscle repair and satellite-cell activation, and it

MK-677 (Ibutamoren)ResearchBanned

MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is a non-peptide, orally active small molecule in the growth-hormone secretagogue / ghrelin-mimetic class, studied within metabolic and grow

MOTS-cResearchBanned

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide grouped with metabolic and mitochondrial-function research compounds, not FDA-approved for any indicatio

N-Acetyl Epitalon AmidateResearchBanned

N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate is a terminally modified synthetic tetrapeptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with anti-aging and longevity peptides,

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)ResearchBanned

NAD+ is a naturally occurring pyridine-nucleotide coenzyme grouped with metabolic and anti-aging or longevity research compounds, and its injectable form is res

OvagenResearchBanned

Ovagen is a synthetic short-chain peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under liver and gastrointestinal tissue bioregulators, and it is a resea

P21ResearchBanned

P21 (P021) is a synthetic CNTF-derived neurogenic peptide studied in cognitive and neurological research contexts, and it is a research-only compound that is no

PancragenResearchBanned

Pancragen is a synthetic short-chain peptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with metabolic and endocrine research peptides, and is a research-onl

PE-22-28ResearchBanned

PE-22-28 is a short synthetic spadin-derived peptide and TREK-1 potassium channel blocker studied in the neuroscience and mood-research category, and it is a re

PEG-MGFResearchBanned

PEG-MGF is a pegylated peptide derivative of Mechano Growth Factor (a splice variant of IGF-1) studied as a growth factor in muscle and tissue-repair research,

PinealonResearchBanned

Pinealon is a synthetic short-chain tripeptide of the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped under cognitive and neuroprotective research, and is not FDA-approv

PNC-27ResearchBanned

PNC-27 is a synthetic chimeric peptide combining a p53-derived HDM-2-binding sequence with a membrane-penetrating leader, studied within oncology and cancer-cel

ProstamaxResearchBanned

Prostamax is a synthetic short-chain peptide bioregulator in the Khavinson family associated with prostate tissue, studied within the anti-aging and tissue-spec

PTD-DBMResearchBanned

PTD-DBM is a synthetic research peptide in the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling modulator family, grouped with healing and tissue-repair research compounds, and it is

SelankResearchBanned

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory fragment tuftsin, grouped with cognitive and mood research peptides, and it is not FDA-approve

SemaxResearchBanned

Semax is a synthetic ACTH(4-10)-derived heptapeptide grouped in the cognitive and neuroprotective research category, and it is research-only and not FDA-approve

SermorelinResearchBanned

Sermorelin is a synthetic growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) peptide analog studied as a growth-hormone secretagogue, currently research-only with no

SLU-PP-332ResearchBanned

SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small-molecule pan-ERR (estrogen-related receptor) agonist studied in the metabolic and exercise-physiology research category, and it

SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)ResearchBanned

SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3) is a synthetic eight-amino-acid cosmetic peptide of the neuromuscular-modulating class, studied in the skin and cosmetic research

TB-500ResearchBanned

TB-500 is a synthetic acetylated heptapeptide fragment of thymosin beta-4, grouped with healing and tissue-repair research peptides, and is a research-only comp

TestagenResearchBanned

Testagen is a synthetic short-chain peptide (a Khavinson-type tetrapeptide bioregulator) grouped with reproductive and endocrine research compounds, and it is r

ThymalinResearchBanned

Thymalin is a thymus-derived polypeptide bioregulator, grouped with immune peptides, that is not FDA-approved and is handled as a research-only compound in the

Thymosin Alpha-1ResearchBanned

Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide grouped in the immune category, approved as a pharmaceutical in a number of countries but not FDA-approved in

VesugenResearchBanned

Vesugen is a short synthetic peptide bioregulator (the tripeptide Lys-Glu-Asp) from the Khavinson bioregulator family, grouped with vascular and anti-aging rese

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)ResearchBanned

VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide of the secretin/glucagon peptide family, discussed mainly in immune and gastrointestinal research contexts, and it is not FD

For laboratory and research reference only. Educational content, not medical, dosing, injection, or therapeutic guidance, and not intended for human or animal use.